от nevrodermit » 08 Юни 2016, 10:43
Only the values of [tex]f(0)[/tex]:
[tex]a=f(0), b=f(-1), c=f(1)[/tex]
[tex]f(a)=f(f(0))=-1[/tex]
[tex]f(b)=f(f(-1))=1[/tex]
[tex]f(c)=f(f(1))=-1[/tex]
[tex]b=f(-1)=f(f(a))=a^2-a-1[/tex]
[tex]b=f(-1)=f(f(c))=c^2-c-1[/tex]
[tex]c=f(1)=f(f(b))=b^2-b-1[/tex]
From the last two we get [tex]b-c=c^2-c-1-b^2+b+1 \Rightarrow b-c=-(b-c)(b+c)+(b-c) \Rightarrow b-c=(b-c)(1-b-c) \Rightarrow (b-c)(b+c)=0[/tex]
So either [tex]b=c[/tex] or [tex]b=-c[/tex]
Case 1: [tex]b=c[/tex]
Therefore [tex]b=b^2-b-1 \Rightarrow b^2-2b-1=0 \Rightarrow b_{1,2}=\frac{2\pm 2\sqrt{2}}{2}=1\pm \sqrt{2}[/tex]. Clearly, [tex]a^2-a+\sqrt{2}=0[/tex] has no real solutions. So [tex]a^2+a-\sqrt{2}=0\Rightarrow a_{1,2}=\frac{-1\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2}[/tex]
Therere, [tex]a^2-a-1-b_{1,2}=0 \Rightarrow a^2-a-1-(1\pm \sqrt{2})=0\Rightarrow a^2-a\pm \sqrt{2}=0[/tex]
Clearly, [tex]a^2-a+\sqrt{2}=0[/tex] has no real solutions, so [tex]a^2-a-\sqrt{2}=0\Rightarrow a_{1,2}=\frac{1\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2}[/tex]
Case 2: [tex]b=-c[/tex]
Therefore [tex]-c=c^2-c-1 \Rightarrow c=\pm 1 \Rightarrow \pm 1=a^2-a-1[/tex]. If [tex]1=a^2-a-1\Rightarrow a^2-a-2=0\Rightarrow a_{3,4}=\frac{1\pm 3}{2}\Rightarrow a_3=2, a_4=-1[/tex]. Else if [tex]-1=a^2-a-1\Rightarrow a_5=0, a_6=1[/tex].
Checking the solutions: [tex]a=f(0), f(a)=-1[/tex]
1) [tex]a=a_5=0\Rightarrow 0=f(0), f(0)=-1[/tex] - so not a soltion
2) [tex]a=a_6=1\Rightarrow 1=f(0), f(1)=-1[/tex]. Then [tex]b=a^2-a-1=-1[/tex], [tex]c=b^2-b-1=1[/tex], I don't see a problem here
3) [tex]a=a_4=-1\Rightarrow -1=f(0), f(-1)=-1[/tex]. Then [tex]b=1, c=-1[/tex]. I don't see a problem here
4) [tex]a=a_3=2\Rightarrow 2=f(0), f(2)=-1[/tex]. Then [tex]b=1, c=-1[/tex]. I don't see a problem here
5) [tex]a=a_{1,2}=\frac{1\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2} \Rightarrow b=\frac{2+4\sqrt{2}\pm 2\sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{4}-\frac{1\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2} -1[/tex][tex]=\frac{1+2\sqrt{2}\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2}-\frac{1\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2} -1=\frac{2+2\sqrt{2}\pm 2\sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}}{2}=1+\sqrt{2}\pm \sqrt{1+4\sqrt{2}}=c[/tex] I don't see a problem here
Remarks:
If [tex]f[/tex] is not a polynomial - I don't know
If [tex]f[/tex] is a polynomial of degree [tex]n[/tex], then [tex]f(f(x))[/tex] is of defree [tex]2n[/tex], so we need [tex]n=1[/tex]. Let [tex]f(x)=ax+b[/tex]. Then [tex]f(f(x))=f(ax+b)=(ax+b)^2-(ax+b)-1=a^2x^2+x(2ab-a)+b^2-b-1=x^2-x-1[/tex]
[tex]\Rightarrow a=\pm 1[/tex]. If [tex]a=1\Rightarrow 2b-1=-1\Rightarrow b=0 \Rightarrow f(x)=x\Rightarrow x^2-x-1=f(f(x))=f(x)=x[/tex] which is impossible for all [tex]x[/tex]. If [tex]a=-1\Rightarrow -2b+1=-1, b=1\Rightarrow x^2+x+1=f(f(x))=f(-x+1)=x^2-2x+1+x-1-1=x^2-x-1[/tex]. In this case [tex]f(0)=-1[/tex]